Given that a vast majority of shoes sold are ready-to-wear, and many of them are ordered online, it's very common for them not to fit perfectly. Ideally, it would be best to exchange that shoe for another model on a different last that fits one's feet better, but this is often not done. Fortunately, it's possible to make a lot of corrections, both to make shoes smaller and bigger. Although this might not result in a perfect fit, it can be a significant improvement.
Stretching
Essentially, the only remedy for a pair of shoes that are too small is stretching them (bespoke shoemakers have a few other tricks, but for ready-to-wear shoes, this is it). The cobbler treats the shoes with a special fluid that softens the leather, then places them in a mechanical stretching machine resembling a last, where various screws can be turned to push the shoes outward where needed. This process often takes several days to stretch the shoes, during which the cobbler periodically tightens the screws on the stretching machine and gradually increases the pressure. Stretching is most effective for width and can have a good impact, partially also on the height of the ball area. However, lengthwise stretching or expanding the sides of the toe cap at the front is not feasible (unless there is a genuine leather toe puff, which is uncommon in ready-to-wear shoes nowadays).
The ability to stretch shoes depends on their type and the areas needing stretching, but generally, it is believed that shoes can be stretched by a full European size (for example, from size 43 to size 44) in width. This should be done in two rounds, stretching about half a size each time, to ensure that the leather and seams can withstand the pressure. To ascertain whether shoes can indeed be stretched in the desired areas, it is best to consult a skilled cobbler. It is a relatively inexpensive procedure.
Solve the heel problem
Shoes slipping in the heel area are not uncommon, and this problem can be fairly easily resolved. The solution is called a "heel grip," which is a self-adhesive leather piece that can be purchased at any cobbler or even at a larger grocery store for a very cheap price. It attaches to the inside of the heel. Before attaching them, thoroughly clean the lining, and place them so that there are a few millimeters below the top of the heel. If you want to remove or replace them, it's easy to do so and then wash off any adhesive residue with a bit of alcohol or similar solvent.
Tongue pad
Following the same principle as mentioned above, it's possible to insert a form of padding inside the tongue if the shoes are too large in this area. This can also be used to address heel slippage and to fix issues with the shoe's instep being too high, causing the laces to close entirely, for example. The most common option is tongue pads made of fluffy foam, although there are better alternatives made of leather, such as those produced by Pedaq. These pads are very similar to the aforementioned heel pads and should be attached in the same manner.
Add slippers
The most common method of customizing shoe size is by using an additional insole. These insoles come in a wide variety of styles and materials, including flat and orthopedic options, among others. Since most people understand the concept of using an extra insole to make shoes smaller, there's no need to delve further into this.
Ultimately, repairing old shoes can be a great way to extend their lifespan and save money. It may require some effort and skill, but it can transform your old shoes into something entirely new. Try cleaning them and repairing damaged parts like the sole or cracked leather. If you're unsure about your ability to do it yourself, don't hesitate to visit a local cobbler for assistance.
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